![]() ![]() For example, many prisoners do not meet the generally accepted norm of 30 min of moderate physical activity per day, and one study in particular found that UK prisoners tend to sit or lie on their beds for more than 9 h per day ( Ireland and Culpin, 2006). Imprisonment is characterized by a sedentary lifestyle ( Young et al., 2005 Ireland and Culpin, 2006 Cashin et al., 2008 Elger, 2009 Plugge et al., 2009). In other words, the impoverished environment may contribute to an enhanced risk of reoffending.Ĭurrently, more than 11 million people are imprisoned worldwide, and this number continues to rise ( Walmsley, 2016). This is a significant and societally relevant finding, as released prisoners may be less capable of living a lawful life than they were prior to their imprisonment, and may be more prone to impulsive risk-taking behavior. ![]() In contrast, planning significantly improved (measured with a task analog to the Tower of London) with a medium effect size.ĭiscussion: Our study suggests that 3 months of imprisonment in an impoverished environment may lead to reduced self-control, measured as increased risk taking and reduced attentional performance. Results: After 3 months of imprisonment, risk taking significantly increased (measured as an increase in the proportion of available points used for betting) and attention significantly deteriorated (measured as increased variability in reaction times on a sustained attention task), with large to medium effect sizes. Change in performance was tested using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. ![]() Participants were retested after 3 months of imprisonment. Materials and Methods: Participants were 37 male inmates in a remand prison in Amsterdam, Netherlands, who completed six tests of a computerized neuropsychological test battery (the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery) in the first week of arrival. Here, we aim to study the effects of imprisonment on self-control and executive functions, and we report the change in neuropsychological outcome after 3 months of imprisonment. 6EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlandsīackground: Prison can be characterized as an impoverished environment encouraging a sedentary lifestyle with limited autonomy and social interaction, which may negatively affect self-control and executive function.5Section Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.4Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.3Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.2Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.1Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.Harte 2 Gerben Meynen 3,4 Pim Cuijpers 5,6 Erik J. ![]()
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